“针对人的技术是一种很危险的东西。如果完全没有这种技术的话，任何文明都不会存在；但是这种技术本身就是邪恶的，因为它前提就是把人当作科学分析和经营的对象，这种技术一旦产生，它就有自我毁灭的巨大危险，至少它会封闭人的天花板。所以它产生了一个很矛盾的现象，文明以前的蛮族阶段越长，对文明本身越有利。因为蛮族没有或者是很少有管理人、经营人的这种技术，因此它自由发展的空间比较大，哪怕这种自由发展在很多方面都是残忍和野蛮的，但是保存了自由发展余地的野蛮，比虽然没有野蛮但是封闭了发展空间的文明要好得多，至少对于自发秩序的产生来说，是要好得多的。经营人的技术一旦产生，即使其中包含一些本质上是属于福利和保护性的技术，但它早晚会在铁笼形成以后把人变得像家畜一样，完全丧失了最基本的生命冲动，发展到这一步以后，这个社会群体基本上是免不了要灭亡的。这个灭亡不是说政治上的灭亡，而是说在肉体上灭亡。因为晚期文明一旦发展到了人可以当作科学管理的对象的时候，这一批人口基本上毫无例外地在不久的将来就通过各种方式被消灭了。你一旦变成一个可以经营的对象以后，下一步也就是要被消灭了。而蛮族反倒不会被消灭的，他们可能在战争中牺牲，但是却不会被人像是矿山一样开发或者像是牲畜一样消灭的。。。
西方之所以没有被这些技术搞垮，是因为它在这些技术之外还有一些对抗这些技术的东西。我们不要以为这些技术是近代才产生出来的，它早在迦太基人汉诺搞科学管理的时候就已经出现了：你去研究那些科学管理的农场，应该怎样榨橄榄油，怎样按适当的季节生产各种农作物，生产出来农作物以后用各式各样的做法来处理，包括奴隶怎样购买，奴隶怎样管理，就像现在一个工业企业家如何管理煤炭一样，井井有条。古罗马的奴隶制是什么呢？它是一种资本主义的奴隶制。农业是依靠不科学的小农来维持的，而奴隶制是依靠科学的企业管理来维持的。西方和苏联的差别在哪里呢？我们知道Lenin最崇拜的就是泰勒制，也就是科学管理。托克维尔有一句名言，“可以把一个国家像一家工厂一样来管理”，是在苏联实现的，而不是在西方实现的。西方为什么没有实现？就是因为西方在科学管理之外，还有很多没有办法科学管理的势力，这些势力对它构成了牵制和节制。因此，西方的企业家只能管理一个企业，而国家计委却可以管理整个国家。用儒家的术语来说就是，苏联运用它的科学把自己元气消耗干了。而西方呢，则是因为不够科学，而没有把元气消耗得太厉害。”
Thursday, 17 December 2015
Thursday, 16 July 2015
new post
Beginning a new post after my exhausting degree show and the graduation shit.
The briiiiiiiliant Pyramidi mapping work in the exhibition "Digital Revolution" at London Barbican in 2014. reaaaaaally impressed me. The nose part on the wall is concave.
found the links of it on Vimeo yesterday:
Will.i.am @ London Barbican - Pyramidi from Brett Jones on Vimeo.
The Pyramidi from Yuri Suzuki on Vimeo.
The briiiiiiiliant Pyramidi mapping work in the exhibition "Digital Revolution" at London Barbican in 2014. reaaaaaally impressed me. The nose part on the wall is concave.
found the links of it on Vimeo yesterday:
Will.i.am @ London Barbican - Pyramidi from Brett Jones on Vimeo.
The Pyramidi from Yuri Suzuki on Vimeo.
Monday, 7 April 2014
Osteotomy
https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgerymobile?contentUrl=/srg/95b/05-RedFix/P370-SurgAssRapPalExp/04_Osteotomy.jsp&soloState=precomp&title=&Language=en
A periosteal elevator is inserted between the nasal mucosa and the lateral wall of the nose on one side. A curved retractor is inserted behind the maxillary tuberosity. A further instrument is used to retract upwards the lip and mucoperiosteal flap, exposing the lateral maxilla.
Horizontal osteotomies
The horizontal osteotomy is usually made at the level of the nasal floor, a safe distance (~5 mm) from the apices of the teeth.
Posterior and vertical osteotomies
A curved pterygoid chisel is placed with the curvature pointing medially and inferiorly between the tuberosity and the pterygoid plates.
A mallet is used to drive the osteotome medially to complete the pterygomaxillary dysjunction. The position of the tip of the osteotome can be checked with a palpating finger.
Pitfall: An upward and posteriorly oriented osteotome will not reliably separate the maxilla from the pterygoid plates. It is also associated with increased risk of bleeding from the pterygoid plexus and internal maxillary artery.
Separation of the nasal septum from the palate
The nasal septum has to be separated from the palate with either an osteotome or septum scissors.
Special "guarded" osteotomes are used for this purpose to protect the nasal mucosa.
Separation of the lateral nasal walls
The lateral nasal wall is then separated using a nasal osteotome or saw.
Special "guarded" osteotomes are used for this purpose to protect the nasal mucosa.
Pitfall: This osteotomy should end anteriorly to the greater palatine vessels and nerve to prevent bleeding.
Sagittal osteotomy of the anterior alveolar crest and the palate
The sagittal osteotomy is usually made between the roots of the central incisors. To avoid iatrogenic damage of those roots it is recommended to first mark the position and penetrate the outer cortex with a small burr or with a piezoelectric device.
The osteotomy is continued posteriorly through the alveolus and the palate, usually with a thin straight scaled osteotome. Care must be taken not to penetrate the palatal mucosa. The course of the chisel tip as it goes posteriorly is monitored with a palpating finger, which is difficult with a tooth borne expansion device in place.
Check of segment mobility
After completion of the osteotomies, the mobility of the segments must be checked. The palatal expansion device can now be inserted, if not already in place.
A periosteal elevator is inserted between the nasal mucosa and the lateral wall of the nose on one side. A curved retractor is inserted behind the maxillary tuberosity. A further instrument is used to retract upwards the lip and mucoperiosteal flap, exposing the lateral maxilla.
Horizontal osteotomies
The horizontal osteotomy is usually made at the level of the nasal floor, a safe distance (~5 mm) from the apices of the teeth.
Posterior and vertical osteotomies
A curved pterygoid chisel is placed with the curvature pointing medially and inferiorly between the tuberosity and the pterygoid plates.
A mallet is used to drive the osteotome medially to complete the pterygomaxillary dysjunction. The position of the tip of the osteotome can be checked with a palpating finger.
Pitfall: An upward and posteriorly oriented osteotome will not reliably separate the maxilla from the pterygoid plates. It is also associated with increased risk of bleeding from the pterygoid plexus and internal maxillary artery.
Separation of the nasal septum from the palate
The nasal septum has to be separated from the palate with either an osteotome or septum scissors.
Special "guarded" osteotomes are used for this purpose to protect the nasal mucosa.
Separation of the lateral nasal walls
The lateral nasal wall is then separated using a nasal osteotome or saw.
Special "guarded" osteotomes are used for this purpose to protect the nasal mucosa.
Pitfall: This osteotomy should end anteriorly to the greater palatine vessels and nerve to prevent bleeding.
Sagittal osteotomy of the anterior alveolar crest and the palate
The sagittal osteotomy is usually made between the roots of the central incisors. To avoid iatrogenic damage of those roots it is recommended to first mark the position and penetrate the outer cortex with a small burr or with a piezoelectric device.
The osteotomy is continued posteriorly through the alveolus and the palate, usually with a thin straight scaled osteotome. Care must be taken not to penetrate the palatal mucosa. The course of the chisel tip as it goes posteriorly is monitored with a palpating finger, which is difficult with a tooth borne expansion device in place.
Check of segment mobility
After completion of the osteotomies, the mobility of the segments must be checked. The palatal expansion device can now be inserted, if not already in place.
Downfracture and mobilization of the maxilla
https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgerymobile?contentUrl=/srg/95a/05-RedFix/CLP/P040-LeFortI/04_DownfractureMobilizationMaxilla.jsp&soloState=precomp&title=&Language=en
Downfracture
The lower part of the maxilla is then mobilized initially by digitally pushing it downwards. The term downfracture was coined to describe this downward movement and the fracture of the posterior wall of the maxilla which has not been cut with either saws or chisels.
The remainder of the clefted nasal mucosa can now be visualized and sharply separated from the palatal mucosa to allow completion of the mobilization.
Pitfall: Incomplete osteotomies and excessive force during the downfracture are thought to have caused fracture of the posterior wall of the maxilla running up into the orbit and as a result causing blindness. Consequently excessive force during downfracture and incomplete osteotomies should be avoided.
If major resistance is encountered, the following action should be taken:
Re-examine all of the osteotomy cuts especially in the posterior pterygoid region
Ensure all of the cuts have been completed successfully and if not, complete them
At downfracture it is usually possible to visualize the maxillary sinuses through the cuts and across the sinus to see the posterior wall of the maxilla. The posterior wall can be gently osteotomized under that direct vision using a fine osteotome taking care not to cause major bleeding.
During downfracture it is possible to visualize both the lateral wall of the nose, the nasal septum and the posterior wall of the maxilla across the maxillary sinus. Where the bone cuts are incomplete it is possible to complete the maxillary osteotomy with fine osteotomes under direct vision.
It may be necessary to trim the lateral wall of the nose and the nasal septum with bone rongeurs.
Mobilization
Digital manipulation (twisting) of the down fractured maxilla is performed to continue the mobilization.
Once initial mobilization digitally has been accomplished, Rowe's maxillary disimpaction forceps or similar devices may be used and the mobilization of the maxilla is completed. This should only be performed after inserting a custom made cast steel palatal protection plate to avoid damaging the palate or accidently fracturing the maxilla.
The mobilization is carried out by downward circular movements and then twisting the maxilla on each side in turn. During this procedure it is necessary to ensure that the mucoperiosteal pedicle to the maxilla postero-laterally does not tear.
It is often necessary to break down posterior scar tissue in the region of the soft palate either digitally or very carefully with blunt end dissection scissors. If this is not done, that scar tissue will be a major factor for future relapse.
It is sometimes useful also to use Tessier mobilizers which are inserted behind the maxilla on each side in order to pull the maxilla forwards.
At this point the mobilized maxilla should be free and able to be advanced by the surgeon by his or her hand much more than is actually required.
Trimming of osteotomy lines
With the maxilla displaced downwards, bony interferences on the lateral nasal wall and the anterior and posterior wall of the maxilla are removed. This can be done initially with rongeurs but usually bone has to be removed with a drill whilst carefully protecting the soft tissues. The greater palatine vessels may need to be sacrificed if they interfere with complete mobilization of the maxilla.
In order to prevent unfavourable pressure on the nose (widening of the alar base etc.) the piriform rims are rounded off and the anterior nasal spine reduced.
The lower part of the maxilla is then mobilized initially by digitally pushing it downwards. The term downfracture was coined to describe this downward movement and the fracture of the posterior wall of the maxilla which has not been cut with either saws or chisels.
The remainder of the clefted nasal mucosa can now be visualized and sharply separated from the palatal mucosa to allow completion of the mobilization.
Pitfall: Incomplete osteotomies and excessive force during the downfracture are thought to have caused fracture of the posterior wall of the maxilla running up into the orbit and as a result causing blindness. Consequently excessive force during downfracture and incomplete osteotomies should be avoided.
If major resistance is encountered, the following action should be taken:
Re-examine all of the osteotomy cuts especially in the posterior pterygoid region
Ensure all of the cuts have been completed successfully and if not, complete them
At downfracture it is usually possible to visualize the maxillary sinuses through the cuts and across the sinus to see the posterior wall of the maxilla. The posterior wall can be gently osteotomized under that direct vision using a fine osteotome taking care not to cause major bleeding.
During downfracture it is possible to visualize both the lateral wall of the nose, the nasal septum and the posterior wall of the maxilla across the maxillary sinus. Where the bone cuts are incomplete it is possible to complete the maxillary osteotomy with fine osteotomes under direct vision.
It may be necessary to trim the lateral wall of the nose and the nasal septum with bone rongeurs.
Mobilization
Digital manipulation (twisting) of the down fractured maxilla is performed to continue the mobilization.
Once initial mobilization digitally has been accomplished, Rowe's maxillary disimpaction forceps or similar devices may be used and the mobilization of the maxilla is completed. This should only be performed after inserting a custom made cast steel palatal protection plate to avoid damaging the palate or accidently fracturing the maxilla.
The mobilization is carried out by downward circular movements and then twisting the maxilla on each side in turn. During this procedure it is necessary to ensure that the mucoperiosteal pedicle to the maxilla postero-laterally does not tear.
It is often necessary to break down posterior scar tissue in the region of the soft palate either digitally or very carefully with blunt end dissection scissors. If this is not done, that scar tissue will be a major factor for future relapse.
It is sometimes useful also to use Tessier mobilizers which are inserted behind the maxilla on each side in order to pull the maxilla forwards.
At this point the mobilized maxilla should be free and able to be advanced by the surgeon by his or her hand much more than is actually required.
Trimming of osteotomy lines
With the maxilla displaced downwards, bony interferences on the lateral nasal wall and the anterior and posterior wall of the maxilla are removed. This can be done initially with rongeurs but usually bone has to be removed with a drill whilst carefully protecting the soft tissues. The greater palatine vessels may need to be sacrificed if they interfere with complete mobilization of the maxilla.
In order to prevent unfavourable pressure on the nose (widening of the alar base etc.) the piriform rims are rounded off and the anterior nasal spine reduced.
Friday, 28 March 2014
Tuesday, 18 March 2014
转：K.EricDrexler的《创造的发动机》关于新技术的结论
http://tieba.baidu.com/p/126924564
《创造的发动机》一书从一个具有洞察力的论点开始，即我们能做什么取决于我们能造什么，由此开始引导我们仔细地分析堆叠原子的可能途径，然后Drexler问道：“我们用这些原子堆叠机器能做什么？”首先，我们可以制造比细胞还要小的组装机器，并且可以制造更轻和更结实的材料。因而，可以建造更好的宇宙飞船；因而，可以建造更微小的装置，它们可以在毛细血管中穿行并进入和修复活细胞；因而，可以治疗疾病，恢复青春，以及是我们的身体更快速和强壮。我们可以制造象病毒那么小的机器，和能以我们不能体会到的速度工作的机器。然后，一旦我们学会了怎么去做之后，我们就会想要用无数个这类微小机械去组装成智能机器，也许是基于上万亿个纳米尺度上的并行处理机来描述、比较和记录各种图案，并可以开发以前经历的记忆。因此这些新技术将不仅改变我们改造周围的物理世界的材料和方法，而且还能激发我们深入任何一个我们创造的世界的活力。
现在，我们回到克拉克的那个预测五十年后的难题，我们会看到Drexler处理的那些问题使得这个看起来几乎毫无意义。一旦原子堆叠处理启动，那么“仅仅五十年”将会带来比中世纪以来的所有改变更多的改变。对我来说，尽管我们听到了很多有关现代技术革命的东西，它们并没有象过去的半个世纪给我们生活带来的改变那么巨大。电视真的改变了我们的世界了吗？当然没有无线电带来的改变那么大，甚至比电话的改变还要小。那么飞机呢？它们仅仅是把旅行的时间从几天缩短为几小时——而在此之前铁路和汽车已经把这个时间从数周缩短到几天了！但是《创造的发动机》把我们带到了一个真正重大的变革的门槛之前。纳米技术将比物质世界领域中的前两项重大的发明给我们带来影响更大——用金属代替石头和木棒，以及电能的利用。同样地，我们也可以比较人工智能给我们的思想带来的影响——和我们将如何看待自己——相较于这个领域的另外两个早前的发明：语言和文字。
我们很快就要面对这些前景与选择。我们应该怎样去处理呢？《创造的发动机》说明了这些选择将如何导向很多与人类发展关系重大的问题：富裕与贫穷，健康与疾病，和平与战争。 Drexler不仅客观地列出了可能性的目录，也提供了很多的想法和如何处理的建议。《创造的发动机》是目前为止对人类未来的思考的最好的尝试，我们将坚持发展新的技术。
《创造的发动机》一书从一个具有洞察力的论点开始，即我们能做什么取决于我们能造什么，由此开始引导我们仔细地分析堆叠原子的可能途径，然后Drexler问道：“我们用这些原子堆叠机器能做什么？”首先，我们可以制造比细胞还要小的组装机器，并且可以制造更轻和更结实的材料。因而，可以建造更好的宇宙飞船；因而，可以建造更微小的装置，它们可以在毛细血管中穿行并进入和修复活细胞；因而，可以治疗疾病，恢复青春，以及是我们的身体更快速和强壮。我们可以制造象病毒那么小的机器，和能以我们不能体会到的速度工作的机器。然后，一旦我们学会了怎么去做之后，我们就会想要用无数个这类微小机械去组装成智能机器，也许是基于上万亿个纳米尺度上的并行处理机来描述、比较和记录各种图案，并可以开发以前经历的记忆。因此这些新技术将不仅改变我们改造周围的物理世界的材料和方法，而且还能激发我们深入任何一个我们创造的世界的活力。
现在，我们回到克拉克的那个预测五十年后的难题，我们会看到Drexler处理的那些问题使得这个看起来几乎毫无意义。一旦原子堆叠处理启动，那么“仅仅五十年”将会带来比中世纪以来的所有改变更多的改变。对我来说，尽管我们听到了很多有关现代技术革命的东西，它们并没有象过去的半个世纪给我们生活带来的改变那么巨大。电视真的改变了我们的世界了吗？当然没有无线电带来的改变那么大，甚至比电话的改变还要小。那么飞机呢？它们仅仅是把旅行的时间从几天缩短为几小时——而在此之前铁路和汽车已经把这个时间从数周缩短到几天了！但是《创造的发动机》把我们带到了一个真正重大的变革的门槛之前。纳米技术将比物质世界领域中的前两项重大的发明给我们带来影响更大——用金属代替石头和木棒，以及电能的利用。同样地，我们也可以比较人工智能给我们的思想带来的影响——和我们将如何看待自己——相较于这个领域的另外两个早前的发明：语言和文字。
我们很快就要面对这些前景与选择。我们应该怎样去处理呢？《创造的发动机》说明了这些选择将如何导向很多与人类发展关系重大的问题：富裕与贫穷，健康与疾病，和平与战争。 Drexler不仅客观地列出了可能性的目录，也提供了很多的想法和如何处理的建议。《创造的发动机》是目前为止对人类未来的思考的最好的尝试，我们将坚持发展新的技术。
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